空心菜 发表于 2007-8-20 22:03:41

发动机怠速不稳(详细支招)

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">怠速不稳是发动机维修中遇到最多的故障。如果诊断思路不正确会延长修理时间、降低工作效率,甚至使车主等待不及而转到另一家汽修厂。本文是笔者在长期实践中对此故障的摸索和总结,供同行参考。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、怠速不稳的分类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>1.&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如何观察怠速不稳</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>①</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">观察发动机缸体抖动程度,也可以观看机油尺把晃动的程度,平稳的油尺把很清晰,抖动的油尺把看起来是双的;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">②</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从发动机转速表或读数据块观察,转速以怠速期望值为中心抖动,或在期望值一侧剧烈抖动,程序中的怠速期望值包括标准怠速值、负荷(打开灯光,自动变速器挂上挡等)怠速值、空调怠速值、暖车怠速值;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">③</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">原地启动发动机,坐在座椅上感觉车身剧烈抖动。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>2.&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按出现规律分类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>①</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">冷车(冷却液温度低于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">50℃</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)有节奏的不稳;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">②</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">热车(冷却液温度高于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">50℃</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)有节奏的不稳;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">③</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">无规律的剧烈抖动一、两下。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、按抖动程度分类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>①</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">正常,以怠速期望值</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">±10r/min</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抖动;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">②</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般不稳,以怠速期望值</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">±20r/min</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抖动;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">③</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">严重不稳,超过怠速期望值</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">±20r/min</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抖动;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">④</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在怠速期望值的一侧剧烈抖动。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>4.&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按原因关联分类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR>①</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">直接原因,指机械零件脏污、磨损、安装不正确等,导致个别汽缸功率的变化,从而造成各汽缸功率不平衡,致使发动机出现怠速不稳;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">②</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">间接原因,指发动机电控系统不正常,导致混合气燃烧不良,造成各汽缸功率难以平衡,使发动机出现怠速不稳。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>5.&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按故障系统分类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>①</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进气系统;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">②</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">燃油系统;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">③</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点火系统;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">④</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">发动机机械系统。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>6.&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">怠速抖动机理</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">汽缸内气体作用力的变化(一个汽缸气体作用力变化或几个汽缸气体作用力变化),引起各汽缸功率不平衡,导致各活塞在做功行程时的水平方向分力不一致,出现对发动机横向摇倒的力矩不平衡,从而产生发动机抖动。也可以说,凡是引起发动机汽缸内气体作用力变化的故障都有可能导致发动机怠速抖动。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、怠速不稳的原因</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>1.&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进气系统</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>(1)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进气歧管或各种阀泄漏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当不该进入的空气、汽油蒸汽、燃烧废气进入到进气歧管,造成混合气过浓或过稀,使发动机燃烧不正常。当漏气位置只影响个别汽缸时,发动机会出现较剧烈的抖动,对冷车怠速影响更大。常见原因有:进气总管卡子松动或胶管破裂;进气歧管衬垫漏气;进气歧管破损或其它机件将进气歧管磨出孔洞;喷油器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">O</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型密封圈漏气;真空管插头脱落、破裂;曲轴箱强制通风(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">PCV</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)阀开度大;活性炭罐阀常开;废气再循环(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">EGR</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)阀关闭不严等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">节气门和进气道积垢过多</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">节气门和周围进气道的积炭、污垢过多,空气通道截面积发生变化,使得控制单元无法精确控制怠速进气量,造成混合气过浓或过稀,使燃烧不正常。常见原因有:节气门有油污或积炭;节气门周围的进气道有油污、积炭;怠速步进电机、占空比电磁阀、旋转电磁阀有油污、积炭。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>(3)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">怠速空气执行元件故障</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">怠速空气执行元件故障导致怠速空气控制不准确。常见原因有:节气门电机损坏或发卡;怠速步进电机、占空比电磁阀、旋转电磁阀损坏或发卡。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>(4)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进气量失准</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制单元接收错误信号而发出错误的指令,引起发动机怠速进气量控制失准,使发动机燃烧不正常,属于怠速不稳的间接原因。常见原因有:空气流量计或其线路故障;进气压力传感器或其线路故障;发动机控制单元插头因进水接触不良或电脑内部故障。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>2.&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">燃油系统</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>(1)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">喷油器故障</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">喷油器的喷油量不均、雾状不好,造成各汽缸发出的功率不平衡。常见原因有:喷油器堵塞、密封不良、喷出的燃油成线状等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>(2)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">燃油压力故障</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">油压过低,从喷油器喷出的燃油雾化状态不良或者喷出的燃油成线状,严重时只喷出油滴,喷油量减少使混合气过稀;油压过高,实际喷油量增加,使混合气过浓。常见原因有:燃油滤清器堵塞;燃油泵滤网堵塞;燃油泵的泵油能力不足;燃油泵安全阀弹簧弹力过小;进油管变形;燃油压力调节器有故障;回油管压瘪堵塞。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(3)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">喷油量失准</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">各传感器或线路故障,导致控制单元发出错误指令,使喷油量不正确,造成混合气过浓或过稀,属于怠速不稳的间接原因。具体原因有:空气流量计(或进气歧管压力传感器)故障;节气门位置传感器故障;节气门怠速开关故障;冷却液温度传感器故障;进气温度传感器故障;氧传感器失效;以上传感器的线路有断路、短路、接地故障;发动机控制单元插头因进水接触不良或电脑内部故障。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>3.&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点火系统</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>(1)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点火模块与点火线圈</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">近些年各车型多将点火模块与点火线圈制成一体,点火模块或点火线圈有故障主要表现为高压火花弱或火花塞不点火。常见原因有:点火触发信号缺失;点火模块有故障;点火模块供电或接地线的连接松动、接触不良;初级线圈或次级线圈有故障等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>(2)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">火花塞与高压线</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">火花塞、高压线故障导致火花能量下降或失火。常见原因有:火花塞间隙不正确;火花塞电极烧蚀或损坏;火花塞电极有积炭;火花塞磁绝缘体有裂纹;高压线电阻过大;高压线绝缘外皮或插头漏电;分火头电极烧蚀或绝缘不良。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>(3)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点火提前角失准</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于传感器及线路故障属于引起怠速不稳的间接原因,控制单元发出错误指令,使点火提前角不正确,或造成点火提前角大范围波动。常见原因有:空气流量计或进气压力信号故障;霍尔传感器故障;冷却液温度传感器故障;进气温度传感器故障;爆震传感器故障;以上传感器的线路有断路、短路、接地故障;发动机控制单元因进水引起插头接触不良或内部电路损坏。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(4)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其它原因</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三元净化催化器堵塞引起怠速不稳,这种故障在高速行驶时最易发现。自动变速器、空调、转向助力器有故障会增加怠速负荷,引起怠速不稳。发动机控制单元与空调、自动变速器控制单元之间的怠速提升信号中断,在安装</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">CAN-BUS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的车辆存在总线系统故障。随着新技术、新结构的增加,引起怠速不稳的因素会更多,诊断者必须全面考虑问题。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>4.&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">机械结构</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>(1)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">配气机构</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">配气机构故障导致个别汽缸的功率下降过多,从而使各汽缸功率不平衡。常见原因有:正时皮带安装位置错误,使各缸气门的开闭时间发生变化,导致配气相位失准,各汽缸燃烧不正常。气门工作面与气门座圈积炭过多,气门密封不严,使各汽缸压缩压力不一致。凸轮轴的凸轮磨损,各缸凸轮的磨损不一致导致各汽缸进入空气量不一致。气门相关件有故障,如气门推杆磨损或弯曲,摇臂磨损,气门卡住或漏气,气门弹簧折断等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我曾遇到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">例因气门弹簧折断而出现间断性怠速抖动,使用各种仪器检测都不能确定原因,拆卸气门弹簧后才发现故障原因。另外,装有液压挺杆的发动机,在通往汽缸盖的机油道上安装一个泄压阀,当压力高于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">300kPa</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,打开该阀。如果该阀堵塞,由于压力过高会使液压挺杆伸长过多,导致气门关闭不严。进气门背部存在大量积炭,使冷车时吸附刚喷入的燃油,而不能进入汽缸,由于混合气过稀导致冷车快怠速不稳。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(2)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">发动机体、活塞连杆机构</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这些故障都会使个别汽缸功率下降过多,从而使各汽缸功率不平衡。常见原因有:汽缸衬垫烧蚀或损坏,造成单缸漏气或两缸之间漏气;活塞环端隙过大、对口或断裂,活塞环失去弹性;活塞环槽内积炭过多;活塞与汽缸磨损,汽缸圆度、圆柱度超差;因汽缸进水后导致的连杆弯曲,改变压缩比;燃烧室积炭会改变压缩比,积炭严重导致怠速不稳。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR>(3)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其它原因</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">曲轴、飞轮、曲轴皮带轮等转动部件动平衡不合格,发动机支脚垫断裂损坏,发动机底护板因变形与油底壳相撞击等,这些原因只会造成发动机振动而不影响转速。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR><BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、怠速不稳的诊断方法</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进气系统、燃油系统、点火系统、发动机机械故障均会导致发动机怠速不稳现象,因此诊断产生发动机怠速不稳现象的原因是一项涉及面较广、难度较大的工作,轻易换件的方法是不可取的。怠速不稳故障的原因有百般变化,应根据检测结果、理论分析、维修经验做出正确判断,所以说诊断工作是有规律可循的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">外观检查</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">打开发动机罩检查:观察发动机运转情况,抖动程度,同时观察发动机转速表指针的摆动幅度,是否偏离怠速期望值;观察是正常怠速抖动,还是负荷怠速抖动(打开空调、灯光、挂入挡位、打方向盘等);发动机外部件是否有异常;真空管有无脱落、破损;电线插接器有无松脱;是否存在漏油、漏水、漏气、漏电的四漏现象;排气管是否</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">突、突</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(说明燃烧不好)、冒黑烟、有生汽油味等不正常现象;节气门拉线是否调整合适。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>

linlin 发表于 2007-10-3 15:16:17

分析的全面,专业。搞的我不知道怎么检查了!;P

大头文 发表于 2007-10-4 19:27:51

分析的太专业了,学习中!

雪花啤酒 发表于 2007-10-11 10:39:23

学习点中,强顶!:victory:
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